Investigating Criminal Justice And Forensic Science

Researching Criminal Justice And Forensic Science The fundamental field of criminal examination is legal science. It is generally imperative to comprehend to measurable science first. Scientific science is the use of the science to the lawbreaker and common laws that are upheld by police offices in a criminal equity framework (Richard S. 2007, page-5). Criminal examination is the assortment of data and proof for recognizing, catching and indicting suspected wrongdoers Professor Ralph F. Turner of Michigan State University likes: A criminal examination is the recreation of the past occasion Either definition might be explained further by inspecting the particular duties of the examiner (James W.O. what's more, Richard H.W., 2000, page no. 5). This exposition will initially exhibit the concise history of criminal examination then it will portray wrongdoing research center including their fundamental and operational administrations. Finely we will talk about some significant innovation. The point of this article portrays criminal exami nation previously and now because of expansion of new innovations (see index 1.1). History of criminal examination Today many accept that Sir Arthur Conan Doyle had extensive impact on advocating logical wrongdoing location strategies through his anecdotal character Sherlock Holmes, who initially applied recently creating standards of serology (see supplement 1.1), fingerprinting, guns distinguishing proof and questions-records assessment some time before their worth was first perceived and acknowledged by genuine criminal investigations(Richard S. 2007, page-5). Past sort of controlled affirmation didn't begin to develop until the eighteenth and nineteenth hundreds of years for wrongdoing, a period during which a lot of our advanced - day science understanding was simply beginning to be created. At that point new scientific term Toxicology was portrayed by Mathieu Orfila (1787-1853) in 1840 for his criminal examination. (White P.C. 2008, page - 2). Also Bresler (1992) recommends that in Brussels during 1843 the police took the first historically speaking photo of a crook. In France mid 1879 Alphonse Bertillon (1853-1914) selected for police in city of Paris to process records document with depiction of photos (Lan K. P., 2005 page-4), He additionally concocted the primary logical arrangement of individual recognizable proof in 1879 in this framework he applied some arrangement of body estimations to distinguish criminal and others. For scarcely any decades it was acceptable strategy for criminal recognizable proof after it takeover by finger printing about 1900s, early his exertion make him Father of criminal ID (Richard S. 2007, page-6). Anyway it was first time in criminal examination and now scientific researchers utilize this outcome for mix of explanatory estimation to separate between gatherings or to think about examples. Fingerprints turned out to be progressively effective technique for individual ID. It was Sir William Herschel, a British government worker in India and Henry Faulds got credit for early examination (White P.C. 2008, page-3). Francis Galton (1822-1911) First authoritative investigation of fingerprints and built up a procedure of grouping them for recording. He additionally distributed a book Finger Prints which mollified the primary factual evidence supporting the uniqueness of his strategy for individual recognizable proof (Richard S. 2007, page-6). Then again up until 1900 it had been difficult to decide whether a blood test or stain was of human or creature starting point (White P.C. 2008, pa ge-3). At that point Blood bunches method quickly applied to criminal examination in 1915 by Dr. Leone Letter (1887-1957). Before Dr. Karl Landsteiner found blood may arrange in sub classes as A, B, AB, and O. at that point comes to realize that, it tends to be utilize full for criminal distinguishing proof (Richard S. 2007, page-6). Just as in 1910, Albert S. Osborn composed first book Questioned Documents. In this book he built up certain standards of records investigation which is perceived by court. Aside from this a backer Edmond Locard persuaded The Lyons Police division to begin police lab. His works was recognized by criminological researcher and criminal examiners then they bolster him become originator and chief of the organization of Criminalistics at the University of Lyons. He believed that when a criminal engaged with crime so he can be related with wrongdoing by dust particles (Locard 's Exchange standard: at whatever point at least two articles interact with each oth er, there is trade of material between them). For the benefit of this verification criminal captured and feel regretful himself in court. After first world-wore he was victories to concur some nation to manufactured police research center. Presently Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is greatest research facility in world which is examining up to one million cases each year (Richard S. 2007, page-8). (See informative supplement 1.1, 1.3 and 1.4). Wrongdoing research center for criminal examination Criminal research centers are primarily evolved by offices which have planned reason to criminal examination or pushed by rising request of casework. This autonomous offices expanded number of staff one worker to more than hundred and improved their office specifically bearing. New innovation lead legal researcher with different abilities and application to confront dynamic cooperation in criminal judges framework. There are two principle essential and discretionary administrations gave by criminological research facilities. In essential administrations, initially physical science unit examinations guideline of geography, physic and science to discover criminal with the assistance of wrongdoing scene verification (drugs, paint, soil, glass and unstable). Second is science unit which is presently a day's fundamentally answerable for DNA Profiling. They took DNA from different sources (like hair, blood, skin, spit and that's only the tip of the iceberg) and lead to capture right lawbre aker. Thirdly guns unit, they search for focus of edge, which arms have been utilized. At that point reports inspect unit, break down penmanship, connection among paper and ink. Finely photography unit, new method like x-beam, bright and computerized photography carry undetectable things to in proof. Other operational administrations are toxicology unit, Latent fingerprinting unit, polygraph unit, voiceprint examination unit and wrongdoing scene examination (Richard S. 2007, page-13). We will talk about in detail in next not many passages and how it have changed with time. (See supplement 1.1). Procedure and innovation associated with criminal strengthening and how it created with time Criminological proof beginnings at the scene if proofs are unrecognized or handle without care at the scene, the greater part of research facility examination will be not able to recognize honest confirmation for wrongdoing and scene cannot be return to for more exertion to reported other evidence. There are a few people required for duty this assignment, which are cops, investigators, wrongdoing scene analyst, logical help official, or legal researcher. In nineteenth century, specialized backings were rising a direct result of first most significant work was recognized and archived by Gross in a book Criminal Investigation for the significance of methodical methodologies then his work was likewise impacts this time for craft of wrongdoing discoveries. Significance of substance evidence was first observe by Locard (See index 1.1) which can give interfaces in arrangement of confirmation and as a result of him in twentieth century, the large bounce forward in scientific method and elec tronic upset in each part of science to encourage Locard follow verification which can be glass, strands, soil, blood, hair, and some more. This confirmation we can incorporate as physical proof. (White P.C. 2008, page - 21). Yet, it is unworkable to gather everything from wrongdoing site. The accomplished agent notable to perceived significant item and how it tends to be utilized as a proof of wrongdoing and how field master can examination this thing in research facility. There is some basic sorts of physical proof, right off the bat blood, semen and spit; with this examples they recognize it's human or creature (see index 1.1) in past yet now with this confirmation a researcher can portray right criminal with the assistance of DNA(See reference section 1.2). Second is, archives, to examine penmanship, connection among paper and ink and some more perspectives. There are numerous physical proof like this which are; hazardous, drugs, filaments, fingerprinting, guns, glass, hair, imp ressions, paint, oil based good, plastic and different polymers, sequential number, vehicle light, wood and some more. This all physical proof has their bit of history (Richard S. 2007, page-70). To distinguish this all physical proof magnifying lens have large commitment. Magnifying instrument is a gadget which can grow and resolve the physical proof to recognize certainty behind wrongdoing. A large portion of physical proof is distinguish in wrongdoing research facility by magnifying lens and it was the soonest technique for measurable science so in a background marked by criminal examination it has significant commitment to understand numerous violations from light magnifying instrument to new Morden electron magnifying lens. On the off chance that any extension in ground-breaking filtering, at that point Morden electronic magnifying lens secure connect new angle in criminological science. Help of the magnifying instrument, criminological researchers examinations hair, fiber and paint (Richard S. 2007, page-180). As per Locard (See reference section 1.1) physical proof misshaped among individuals and during the hour of wrongdoing. This physical proof is broke down in criminal research facility to discover criminal. So hair is likewise a physical proof to portray criminal, with hair we can discover DNA of criminal (See informative supplement 1.2). At that point fiber can be hotspot for criminal ID. Finely paint, condition have uncountable thing whose surfaces are painted. It's not stunning to perceived paint. That is the reason it's most settled sort of physical proof by the scientific research facility (Richard S. 2007, page-208 and 233). A few understudies of Orfila's returned nineteenth century to United Kingdom. They balanced out toxicology subject in their home college under power of scientific medication. A toxicology administration given by college legal doctor

Macbeth - GUILTY :: essays research papers

This was an oral introduction, where I indicted Macbeth. I got an evaluation of A-, anyway was informed that it was my real introduction instead of my paper that halted me getting a higher evaluation :) Women and Gentlemen, I will be brief. You have heard the declarations and seen the proof; it is currently time for the destiny of Macbeth to be chosen. Today you have met scores of witnesses affirm, after swearing to tell the truth, the defendant’s altogether great and legitimate character, and have contemplated regarding how the King of Scotland could carry out such monstrosities. Notwithstanding, obvious proof contradicts such declarations and demonstrates past sensible uncertainty that the respondent Macbeth slaughtered his King, Duncan the II of Scotland, his deep rooted companion Banquo and Lady Macduff and her youngsters. In the course of the most recent a half year we have seen Macbeth debase from a dauntless and courageous warrior to a killer, a cognizant miscreant who felt outrageous blame subsequent to slaughtering his King out of unadulterated eagerness and aspiration. His hireling, as affirmed, caught Macbeth express his blame to his better half the evening of the homicide: â€Å"I am reluctant to think what I have done; Look on ‘t again I dare not.† Following his delegated at Scone, King Macbeth employed three professional killers to kill his long-lasting companion Banquo, so as to ensure his crown. It was after the homicide of Banquo that Macbeth at that point transformed into an unmerciful, non-humble dictator. This man, when proclaimed a legend, turned into the worst thing about Scotland and his kin. The guard has attempted to control realities to convince you that Macbeth isn't to be faulted for these killings and has put duty regarding these passings on everybody from Lady Macbeth to the witches, who once in a while talked with the blamed. You have heard declarations of the three witches, who let us know of their experiences with Macbeth. What kind of man would connect with such malevolence creatures, and a large portion of all, accept the gibberish they anticipate? The witches didn't legitimately impact Macbeth to kill his King, they just hypothesized concerning what the future may hold and these expectations lighted his staggering aspiration to become King. These relationship with the witches carry genuine questions to the integrity of the defendant’s character. Theories that Lady Macbeth is answerable for Duncan’s murder have been made by the guard. However, blood found on this shroud covered up in Macbeth’s quarters demonstrates without question that it was Macbeth who really dedicated the homicide.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY LISTED BUILDINGS Example

ENERGY EFFICIENCY LISTED BUILDINGS Example ENERGY EFFICIENCY LISTED BUILDINGS â€" Essay Example > IntroductionBuilding Regulations have set requirement that allows buildings for achieving minimum level of performance which is acceptable. In this specifically deals with safety, health, accessibility and energy performance. The regulation applies to the current building work; they are general requirements for upgrading existing buildings for meeting the standards set. Major of the requirement of energy efficiency is the Building Regulations for the power and fuel efficiency (English Heritage, 2008a). Building Regulation provides information about listed buildings that are exempted from the requirement of energy efficiency. This should be something that cannot be changed and the appearance and character does not change as well. The intention of the part is to regulate the exemption work and for improving energy efficiency (English Heritage, 2008a). In case the building puts up the standard method for complying with the requirements of energy efficiency or building control bodies would be able to suggest some alternative methods for improving energy that would be able to alter the building's character and the appearance. The control bodies of the building can discuss the plan with the owner or any local authority that are responsible for conservation. They should be able to provide methods for improving the efficiency of the listed building and are able to assist in the long term conservation of the building. At last the final decision to see if this is acceptable would be vested with the local planning authority (English Heritage, 2008a). Buildings in conservation areasBuilding Regulation opines that all buildings in the area of conservation are exempted from taking special effort for becoming energy efficient. It states that the requirement of the building where the compliance meet with energy efficiency would not be altered in any character or even appearance while being in the conservation area. It is considered to be varied against the requirements of planning law which is focused on conservation areas that requires some consideration if it impacts the proposed development on any appearance on the area (English Heritage, 2008a). The external work in conservation areas requires permission; this may be required from the local planning authorities that may consider the impact on the character or even the appearance of the area. In case the authorities in the local area impose conditions which may limit work for improving energy efficiency, bodies for building control do not have any authority to work on such things. As an example, in case the planning gives permission for an extension, the condition that the windows should match the glazed windows in the host building and the new windows are exempted from the requirements, they would have to abide by it. Other situation may require the body to determine if work has been exempted from requirements of energy efficiency (English Heritage, 2008b). Some of the work for improving energy efficiency for the non-listed buildings in any conservative area would not require any planning permission, in specifics if it is confined to interiors. Although, incase such a work requires any negative impact on the appearance or character of the buildings it might be exempted from even Part L (English Heritage, 2008b).

Talking About Pop Music and Musicians

Getting teenagers and younger students to talk can be a real challenge. This lesson focuses on using a True or False game as a means of motivation to get them discussing their favorite types of music and musicians. Pop Music Lesson Plan Aim: Getting teenage students to converse in English Activity: True of False game Level: Intermediate Outline: Activate vocabulary by asking students about a number of musicians, names of instruments, verbs used in speaking about music, etc.Divide the students into small groups and give the students the Music: True or False handout.Ask students to discuss each statement and decide if it is true or false giving reasons for their decision.Go through each statement selecting a student from each group to give their opinion - making sure that they state their reasoning for the decision.Make the exercise competitive by giving a point for each correct answer. You can up the ante by also giving points for well-stated arguments which can help motivate students to actually explain their decisions. Example Scoring: one point for a correct answer, 0 points for a simple true or false, one point for an explanation, one point for a grammatically correct explanation. Total possible points on any given question: Three. One for the correct answer, one for an explanation, and an extra point for a grammatically correct answer.Extend exercise by having students create True or False statements of their own to be shared with other groups. Music: True or False Decide if each statement is true or false. Explain to members of your group why you think the answer is true or false. The Back Street Boys were originally named The Boys Next DoorMadonna has decided to give up her career in singing and become a nun beginning in 2002.Elvis Presley said, I dont know anything about music. In my line you dont have to.Rock and Roll music was first approved of by the US Government because of its patriotic message during World War II.In its early years, rock and roll music was believed to make teenagers crazy, drug-deranged, and/or promiscuous.Rap music star - Vanilla Ices real name is Robert Van Winkle.The Spice Girls have all been trained as classical musicians. Each member of the group is not only a wonderful singer, but can also play an instrument at a professional level.In 1994, singer/musician Paul McCartney sent back his razor, shaving cream, and other products to the Gillette Co. to protest the manufacturers use of animals in the product testing.Luciano Pavarotti cant read music.The Red Hot Chili Peppers are based in Spokane, Washington where they grew up. Keep reading to find the correct answers to these statements. True or False Game Answers See how well you did! The Back Street Boys were originally named The Boys Next Door -  FALSE Madonna has decided to give up her career in singing and become a nun beginning in 2002. -  FALSE Elvis Presley said, I dont know anything about music. In my  line  you dont have to. -  TRUE Rock and Roll music was first approved of by the US Government because of its patriotic message during World War II. -  FALSE In its early years, rock and roll music was believed to make teenagers crazy, drug-deranged, and/or promiscuous. -  TRUE Rap music star - Vanilla Ices real name is Robert Van Winkle. -  TRUE The Spice Girls have all been trained as classical musicians. Each member of the group is not only a wonderful  singer,  but can also play an instrument at a professional level. -  FALSE In 1994, singer/musician Paul McCartney sent back his razor, shaving cream, and other products to the Gillette Co. to protest the manufacturers use of animals in the product testing. -  TRUE Luciano Pavarotti cant read music. -  TRUE The Red Hot Chili Peppers are based in Spokane, Washington where they grew up. -  FALSE

Essay Salvage the Bones - 977 Words

FAMU 2012 Freshman Summer Reading Writing Assignment Dijona Brishae’ Clemons August 20, 2012 dijona1.clemons@famu.edu 2. Compare the portrayal of Katrina in Salvage the Bones to what you saw of the hurricane in the news. Which aspect of the storm’s devastation does this novel bring to life? What does Esch’s perspective add to your understanding of Katrina’s impact? When analyzing the horror of Katrina within Ward’s novel Salvage the Bones and the actual catastrophe that was broadcasted throughout the media, readers are able understand its true impact. It seems as though Ward brought to light the realness and severity of Katrina rather than just restate the obvious. Ward’s writing is a perfect storytelling of the event— filled†¦show more content†¦As the two dogs tied the battle, altercation between Skeetah and Manny arose as to who won the battle. Not to mention that the entire cause of the occasion was to a confrontation that had taken place beforehand at Randall’s basketball game. When daddy loses his fingers during the exact time frame of China killing her own puppy, intense emotions arose within me. The scene was a vivid surprise and seems to have even been a foreshadow of how shocking the arrival of Katrina was to the citizens of Bois Sauvage. These violent scenes create suspense of fear and sympathy fo r the characters in the story all the way up until the last horrifying event. Also, by adding these scenes Ward is able to anticipate the arrival of hurricane Katrina. Allowing readers to ponder upon how these characters are going to come together when Katrina arrives. These scenes also distract the reader from the obvious that a storm is on its way; however the characters within the novel seem to be disregarding it. When the storm finally hits readers are able to clearly see how the family sets aside almost every brutality to save each other’s lives. This is where the tenderness of the characters persona’s come in to play. In other words, although Ward wanted to place scenes of intensity within her novel, it is perceived to be that she did so with a mindset to build up to a mind boggling ending. With all the violence and chaos throughout the story it humbles theShow MoreRelatedSalvage the Bones926 Words   |  4 Pages1. Compare the portrayal of Katrina in Salvage th e Bones to what you saw of the hurricane in the news. Which aspect of the storm’s devastation does this novel bring to life? What does Esch’s perspective add to your understanding of Katrina’s impact? When Hurricane Katrina occurred, I was an eleven year-old child with little to no concern about the current events happening around me. Nevertheless, I was still saddened by the hurricane that killed almost 2,000 peopleRead MoreSymbolism in Salvage the Bones787 Words   |  4 PagesEmily Edenfield Dr. Mattingly Composition 2 March 13, 2013 Symbolism in â€Å"Salvage the Bones† by Jesmyn Ward Jesmyn Ward, in her novel â€Å"Salvage the Bones†, has told the story of a family that lived in Mississippi when the incident of Hurricane Katrina occurred in 2005, getting back to her own memories of the Hurricane which she experienced in De Lisle, Mississippi. With the use of provocative symbolism throughout the novel, Ward has very interestingly narrated how the family suffered throughRead MoreThe Passage In Salvage The Bones By Jesmyne Ward735 Words   |  3 Pagesthis passage from Salvage The Bones, Jesmyn Ward shows how Esch, the main character and narrator of the novel, lost her virginity at a young age. The words that the author uses shows how Esch has started to express her rebellious side but also shows that she still feels hesitant about what she was doing. Even at only twelve years of age, Esch is shown as a girl who’s body has started to change and she starts to become a woman. Jesmyne Ward uses this passage from Salvage The Bones to show that EschRead M oreSalvage The Bones And Up From Slavery2002 Words   |  9 Pageslot from back in the day. â€Å"Salvage the Bones† and â€Å"Up from Slavery provides examples from all of those themes. Family is one of the main themes in Salvage the Bones. The story reflects on how family helped them get through a lot. Up from slavery also tells us about family. It’s similar to Salvage the Bones, but in a different perspective. Everyone would agree that African Americans had to struggle more than the white people, and â€Å"Up from Slavery† and â€Å"Salvage the Bones provide great context of thatRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Salvage The Bones 2044 Words   |  9 PagesAnalysis of Esch Batiste Jesmyn Ward’s novel Salvage the Bones features an underprivileged African American family from Mississippi, highlighting different challenges and plights that they faced prior and during Hurricane Katrina. The family members endured different life challenges ranging from poverty, loss of parents, neglect, violence, and sexual abuse. The story is set in a town known as Bois Savage within a locality named the pit deep in the woods, a family property, to signify its isolationRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Salvage The Bones By Danzy Senna2044 Words   |  9 PagesBirdie’s white mother, who covers up her last marriage with a black man by getting into a new relationship with a white man. Additionally, Sandy conceals her revolutionary tactics by moving to New Hampshire. Finally, in Jesmyn Ward‘s novel â€Å"Salvage The Bones,† Esch conceals her own pregnancy. Each character’s concealment reveals that stereotypes alone set up society’s attitude to wards an individual and only those considered â€Å"normal† are safe. These stereotypes form the perception that defines anRead MoreSalvage The Bones As A Feminist Critic Changes Your View On The Story986 Words   |  4 PagesReading Salvage the Bones as a feminist critic changes your view on the story. When reading about Esch and how unfeminine she is I originally thought that is just the way she is, however, when I looked at it from a feminist critic point of view, my thought about why Esch is not feminine changed. In Peter Barry’s book on page 128 at the bottom is a section called â€Å"What feminist critics do†. Number seven on that list stuck out to me, it says, â€Å"Raise the question of whether men and women are ‘essentially’Read MoreThe Southern Gothic Genre Of Literature1528 Words   |  7 Pagesdepressing theme found in literature is one that highlights the harsh realities that characters face in their own geographic area. It is vital for southern gothic stories to incorporate the theme of some type of external decay. In the texts Salvage the Bones and Swamplandia! we can observe the struggles and consequences of simply where the characters find their lives to be located at. Challenges are introduced to the lives of the characters in Swamplandia! when they realize the truth of what theyRead MoreSkfs Essay1686 Words   |  7 PagesAmerica, where it ultimately joins the Missouri system. The valley through the Rockies contains a few small towns which are supported by the ski industry and tourism. Recently, extensive natural gas deposits have been discovered in the area, and salvage archaeology projects have been funded to assess the nature of archaeological resources prior to the construction of pipelines, access roads, and well heads. You have been asked to summarize the prehistory of the area for a book on the local historyRead MoreEssay on Salvage the Bones11675 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Presence and Influence of Mama in the Novel Salvage the Bones The novel Salvage the Bones by Jesmyn Ward tell us a story about a 15-year-old African American girl named Esch. She lives with her father and 3 brothers in small bayou town called Bois Sauvage in Mississippi. Unfortunately, Esch is living an unhappy and poor family. Her father has problems with alcohol, and her mother died after her last pregnancy when Esch was only 8 years old. Even though Esch’s mother is dead, her presence is obvious

Proposal †Corporate Governance failureMajor Bane of nigerian banking crisis. Free Essays

string(52) " explain the failure of defunct international bank\." Abstract The banking sector is among the most vital industries in any economy. There is thus a need for regulatory bodies to prevent any issue that may arise and lead into the collapse of this sector. One of the frameworks that have for a long time ensured that companies act in the interests of their stakeholders is corporate governance. We will write a custom essay sample on Proposal – Corporate Governance failure:Major Bane of nigerian banking crisis. or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, situations have arisen where the corporate governance policies meant to protect the interests of shareholders and the business have been overlooked for selfish reasons and for the benefit of few company executive directors. Such situations are referred to as â€Å"corporate governance failures† This proposal looks at the issue of corporate governance failure in Nigeria’s banking sector, discussing its contribution to the banking crisis of 2008. It also highlights a case of banks that were gravely affected by the banking crisis, one of them being the defunct Intercontinental plc. Important literature has also been presented and reviewed in this proposal. Further, the paper presents an overview of the methodological approaches that shall be used by the researcher in the collection of data necessary for attaining the research objectives. Introduction For any economy to have a healthy and sustainable banking system, it is necessary for the parties involved in the banking sector to ensure that there is transparency and vibrancy. This enables the companies in the banking industry to maintain a positive image towards their clients and the general public. It is worth noting that in financial services’ sector, success of companies highly depends on the confidence that the target market has in them (McDougall Levesque, 2000). This can easily be achieved by organizations when the guidelines of corporate governance are strictly and diligently adhered to. The benefits of good corporate governance include promotion of goodwill and confidence of customers and other company stakeholders (Shleifer Vishny, 1997; Kirkpatrick, 2009). In the banking industry, good corporate governance involves acting ethically to protect the interests of stakeholders and being transparent in financial and non financial reporting (Beasley et al., 2000). Whilst the role of corporate governance is acknowledged by most executives and directors in the banking industry it is often overlooked. Weak systems or non-adherence to corporate governance have resulted to massive collapses of big corporations – within and outside the banking industry – across the globe (Skousen et al., 2005). Examples of companies that have failed in this respect are Enron in the United States and Cadbury and Intercontinental Bank in Nigeria. Many more incidents that depict corporate governance failure have been extensively documented in literature, especially in Nigeria and other developing and emerging economies (Solomon Solomon., 2004). Problem Statement The banking sector plays a major role in the growth of the Nigerian economy. It is a key driver of the economy and has over the years evolved since the establishment of Bank of British West Africa in 1894, the first bank in Nigeria. The banking environment in Nigeria has evolved from a government regulated environment to the era of Structural Adjustment Program of 1986 that aimed at regulating the economy based on pricing (Oso Semiu 2012). Since the market deregulation and liberalization of bank licensing process, there has been an increase in interest to oversee the operations of a number of licensed banks by the CBN and the Nigerian Deposit Insurance Corporation. However, in the recent times, range of problems have emerged with a number of banks being forced to shut down. The distress that has bedeviled the banking sector in Nigeria is said to have been largely caused by poor corporate governance. The recent financial meltdown, corporate governance failures and the fear of collapse of the financial system has led to the wave of consolidation in the banking industry, with the apex bank shrinking the number of banks to 25 and setting the minimum capital base of each bank at N25 billion (Oso Semiu 2012). The crisis that is currently looming in Nigeria’s banking industry is a revelation of the inadequacy and failure of corporate governance in the realm of Business Corporation. The current problems which have become more visible in the Nigerian banking sector have led to the calls for reforms in the banking sector as a whole. The distress experienced by financial institutions in Nigeria and across the globe has attracted much attention such that various initiatives have been put up to raise awareness of good corporate governance including by the IMF, Common Wealth Association for Corporate Program (CACG), Central Banks, United Nations Development Program (UNDP), the World Bank, and the Organization for Economic Cooperative Development (OECD), among many others. Ongoing reforms that are currently underway including prosecution of executives of some banks and the nationalization of banks have brought to the fore this issue of corporate governance and the importance of this concept in the running of corporate organizations (Oso Semiu 2012). This concept along with its various dimensions has gained increasing popularity in the recent times. Clearly, good corporate governance plays a major role in the running of business corporations and is an important step in building market confidence and ensuring long-term international investment flows into the country. Given its importance in the realm of business corporations, it is imperative that companies operate within standards that keep them focused on their objectives and hold them accountable to stakeholders (Oso Semiu 2012). Research Aims/Objectives This research aims to examine the subject of corporate governance failure and its contribution to the banking crisis in Nigeria in 2008. With reference to Intercontinental Bank Plc, this research seeks to attain the following set objectives: To explore corporate governance failure across the globe. To establish the extent to which corporate governance failure has led to the banking crisis in Nigeria. To determine the complacencies of the regulatory bodies that have led to poor corporate governance in Nigerian banks To explore on the various theories of corporate governance such as stakeholder and agency theory, and examine how they can be used to explain the failure of defunct international bank. You read "Proposal – Corporate Governance failure:Major Bane of nigerian banking crisis." in category "Essay examples" To propose a stakeholder approach for providing the single strategic framework for dealing with the crisis in Defunct International Bank To establish and make recommendations of the other possible solutions that can be implemented by banks and regulatory bodies to prevent recurrence of such bank crises. Literature review Several researchers have gained interest in the subject of corporate governance in the banking sector and for this reason, it has been extensively studied. This section intends to critically review some of these studies in relation to the situation in the Nigerian banking industry. To understand the literature on a broader conceptual setting, the paper will explore some of the definitions put forth by various researchers and their theoretical perspectives. Corporate Governance and its Problems in the Banking Industry According to Kirkpatrick (2009), corporate governance is concerned with ensuring that there is equilibrium between the economic goals of an organization and its social responsibility. In another definition given by Greuning and Bratanovic (2003), corporate governance is a set of mechanisms that have been set by stakeholders to ensure that the directors and managers involved in the managing the corporate resources, manage them in an effective manner. Das and Ghosh (2004) defined corporate governance from the investors’ point of view as â€Å"both the promise to repay a fair return on the capital invested and the commitment to operate a firm, efficiently given investments.† Structures of corporate governance in the financial services’ sector are meant to specify and distribute responsibilities of different parties that are involved in running the company. According to Das and Ghosh (2004), some of the key elements of corporate governance include adherence to good board practice, transparency, clear definition of company stakeholder rights, and commitment of company directors. Fernando (2009) also points out the pillars of corporate governance, which are independence, fairness and accountability. As argued by Kirkpatrick (2009), there are several components that constitute corporate governance. Therefore, poor governance can result from problems in any of these components. One of the problems that have affected corporate governance in the banking is the domination of company boards by one senior executive or small group of top executives that dictate the operation of the company. The apparent power that such executives possess might lead them to bypass some of the set regulations for their own benefit. Some of these benefits include financial remuneration or recruitment and appointment of staff members without following the set procedures. This argument is also supported by Greuning and Bratanovic (2003). Another corporate governance issue in the banking sector, which was pointed out by Nguyen (2010) is wrong financial reporting and intentional financial statement fraud. As banks struggle to maintain a positive image to stakeholders and the public, they often give financial reports that are appealing to stakeholders but with false entries (Wells, 2011). The common way in which this is done is through the understatement of liabilities and overstatement of assets to falsely make the company appear to be making profits. Financial statement fraud can also be carried out by individuals who find an opportunity to benefit themselves through indicating lower income figures and allocating themselves the difference. Rezaee (2005) argues that even though this can be pointed out and curbed by internal and external auditors, the auditors are also often involved in the cover up. Whilst financial statement fraud can give a good picture of the company to stakeholders on a short-term, the long-term effects are detrimental to the image and profitability of the business. Other contributors of corporate governance failure include lack of corporate social responsibility initiatives by companies and failure of the board of directors to detect and address inadequacies in the company promptly (Fernando, 2009). Failure to involve shareholders in decision making, especially on policies that affect the company’s corporate governance, is also a contributor to corporate governance failure (Kirkpatrick, 2009). Corporate Governance Theories Several theories have been established to explain and provide a better understanding of the concept of corporate governance. This report explains two of these theories, which shall be used to explore the failure in defunct International Bank, that is, the agency and stakeholder theory. The Agency Theory The agency theory refers to propositions for governance of modern corporations, where many stakeholders permit separate people to take over the control of their firms. According to Fernando (2004), the people allowed to run the firms may not necessarily be shareholders but have the skills necessary for control or management of the corporation. The agency theory further proposes different ways in which the relationships between managers and owners can be examined, especially in cases where managers of the firm have no ownership of its resources. Jensen and Meckling (1976) argue that in a case where agents are not shareholders of the firm, they are likely to fail in adherence of the corporate governance policies that have been set by the company’s stakeholders. So as to counter or minimise such issues several measures need to put in place. The costs that are incurred in setting up and implementing these measures are referred to as agency costs. For instance, firms need to have principal-agent risk-bearing mechanisms to examine the extent of risk that principals and agents can assume in return for the gains they expect. A number of critics have pointed out that many agency theorists only focus on the agency issues that arise from the agent’s side. For instance, Perrow (1986) points out that agency issues often exist both with the agents and principals. (Donaldson, 1990) argues that agents can also be viewed as team players and good stewards as opposed to being considered as opportunists and selfish. The Stakeholder Theory The stakeholder theory and its proponents argue that in any firm, there are several different groups affected by management. The stakeholder group in a firm comprises of its clients, suppliers, workers, regulatory agencies, the communities it serves and its shareholders. All these groups have different interests in the firm (Phillips, 2011). For instance, employees are interested in job security while shareholders expect dividends and sustainability. This theory stresses on the fact that the different interests of the various stakeholder groups can have an impact on the way the firm is controlled. Even though this theory has been supported by several researchers, criticisms have emerged. For instance, because stakeholders of a firm comprise of many groups, it is difficult for them to come to a consensus on the way a company should be managed. In addition to this, it is difficult for the firm to be run in a way that satisfies all stakeholders (Mansell, 2013). Nonetheless, we propose a stakeholder approach as the single framework for managing the crisis. We propose the integration of this theory with other managerial perspectives particular theories of governance and agency. What is known about Corporate Governance Failure in Nigeria’s Banking Sector It has been argued by several analysts that the banking crisis in Nigeria has occurred as a manifestation of the poor adherence to the corporate governance guidelines that have been put in place (Central Bank of Nigeria, 2011; Oghojafor et al., 2010). Banking crises have detrimental impacts on economies, which may result in destabilizing governments and increasing poverty levels among populations. Oghojafor et al. (2010) argued that many executives in the Nigerian banking sector lack the ethical principles and values that constitute good corporate governance. These include integrity, honesty, openness, mutual respect and being committed towards achieving organizational goals. Instead, they have prioritized their personal and selfish interests. This explains why the growth that was experienced by banks as well as the indices that were used in packaging their shares did not match the economic development of the banks. Such discrepancies indicate the trading off of banking practices for the benefit of bank directors and those that are loyal to them. With reference to an auditing exercise carried out by the Central Bank of Nigeria (2010), it was established that five banks had an accumulation of loans of up to N500 billion, which led to the loss of bank shareholders’ funds. After an investigation that was carried out to establish the reasons for this malpractice, it was established that the key reasons included laxity among regulatory bodies charged with the responsibility of ensuring that the banks act in the interest of their shareholders. In Nigeria, there has been insufficient commitment by the CBN in addressing the corporate governance issues that surround these banks. Onakoya et al. (2011) argues that the inadequacy of the CBN in instilling corporate governance in Nigeria’s banking sector is brought about by the dearth of personnel who are qualified and capable to execute the responsibilities of supervising and examining banking service providers. In addition to this, the possibility of compromise by the supervisors cannot be ruled out. What is Unknown (Gaps in Research) Whilst we have established that efficiency of corporate governance mechanism is an important aspect of governance reforms especially in the banking industry, there is still a dearth of research on this topic in the emerging economies. Identification of these gaps in research and carrying out studies that fill them aids in establishing recommendations that can help in preventing future detrimental impacts in Nigeria’s banking sector. Given that emerging and developing economies are the most affected by corporate governance failure issues, it is necessary for more researchers to focus on these economies. The areas that have not been extensively covered include the roles of audit committees and the influence that company board members have on their effectiveness. Further, ownership structure and its impact on firm performance with respect to corporate governance are still yet to be explored extensively in Nigeria. This area needs to be covered because of the influence that ownership structures has on accountability in business operations. Most of the researches that focus on ownership structures do not link it to corporate governance in Nigeria. Where studies have examined corporate governance failures and the impact of ownership concentration on firm performance, a large number of these studies have been based on data collected from the developed economies, which is not representative of all economies around the world. Although such data may be generalizable, it should be noted that the contextual settings of the developed and developing economies differ greatly and as such might not give an accurate picture of the developing countries. As such, there is still a gap in literature on corporate governance in the emerging markets which not even this analysis can fill. Nonetheless, the Nigerian banking industry can borrow from corporate governance policies that have been implemented in developed countries that have stable banking sectors and make necessary amendments on its policies. Research Questions This analysis will be underpinned by the following research questions: What are the key causes of corporate governance failure in the banking and financial services sectors To what extent has the lack of corporate governance led to the failure and consequent takeover of Nigerian banks by Asset Management Corporation of Nigeria (AMCON) What measures can be taken by the government and other regulatory bodies in Nigeria to ensure that corporate governance policies are adhered to Methodology Approach The main objective of the proposed dissertation is to examine the aspects of corporate governance which were lacking in the Nigerian banks that led to their failure and consequent takeover by Asset Management Corporation of Nigeria (AMCON). While the study will devote particular focus to Defunct Intercontinental bank Plc in Nigeria, it will also examine the corporate governance issues facing banks in general across the globe. There are two approaches that can be considered in attaining this objective. It could either use the secondary approach or the primary approach (Silverman, 2010). While both approaches have their advantages and disadvantages, this study shall utilize both primary and secondary approaches. Case study research strategy The case study design will provide the most reliable data for the research. The case study approach is reputable for examining and understanding complex phenomena, including the issue of corporate governance. A case study approach has been chosen as it facilitates more in-depth analysis of the research topic. As pointed out by Yin (2003), case studies are empirical inquiries that investigate contemporary phenomena within their real life contexts, and data is collected from multiple sources. It also extends experiences or strengthens of the already known concepts by linking it to previous researches. Defunct Intercontinental Bank plc has been chosen as the case study for this analysis. Data that shall be used in this research shall be qualitative, and shall be collected through interviews and other secondary sources. Research design and philosophy Our research will take an interpretive theoretical perspective and a descriptive research method will be used. A descriptive research has been chosen for the proposed dissertation in order to provide information on the current status and characteristics of Nigeria’s banking sector. Further, the descriptive research will be used to verify the following hypothesis The lack of corporate governance led to the failure and consequent takeover of Nigerian banks by Asset Management Corporation of Nigeria Data Collection and Sources As aforementioned, this research shall use both primary and secondary data sources. Primary data shall be collected through questionnaire survey method. Copies of questionnaires shall be mailed to the company’s CEO and some staff of Asset Management Corporation of Nigeria. An address data base will be developed using information available on the company’s website. To improve on the response rate, the mailed questionnaires will be accompanied by follow-up letters. The participants will be required to return their completed questionnaires by mail. Secondary data shall be obtained from company reports, archival documents, government reports and peer reviewed journals. A priority shall be given to secondary sources that address corporate governance in the Nigerian banking. Another factor that shall be considered in the selection of secondary sources shall be the periods in which they were published. Given that the banking crisis in Nigeria took place in 2008, it shall be worthwhile to select sources that were published between 2006 and 2013. Sampling Selection of respondents has to be done using the most ideal sampling technique. Whereas several sampling techniques can be applicable, the most ideal sampling method will be snowballing. According to Yin (2010), snowball sampling involves identification of a few respondents that have the attribute being sought after by the researcher and asking them to refer other suitable respondents to the researcher. Bamberger (2000) argues that snowball sampling is one of the most ideal sampling techniques for researches that involve in-depth analysis. A total of 100 respondents shall be used in this research. Data analysis Another important aspect in research is the analysis of the primary data collected. Without data analysis, it can be difficult to evaluate the research and to compare it with findings from other studies. For the proposed dissertation, the qualitative data shall be analyzed using thematic analysis method. This would involve searching through the data collected and identifying recurrent themes. This analysis shall reveal the extent to which the lack of corporate governance has been responsible for the failure and consequent takeover of Nigerian banks by Asset Management Corporation of Nigeria. Limitations of the research approaches used Even though it is definite that the research objectives of this research shall be met and research questions answered, there are several weaknesses that are associated with the qualitative approach (Yin, 2003). For instance, the scope of qualitative case studies is often limited to single or a small number of cases, a characteristic that makes it difficult to establish generality and reliability of the results obtained. In addition to this, utilization of primary qualitative research poses a challenge in establishing whether the responses given are true or false (Miles, 1979). As argued by Kopala and Suzuki (1998), findings that are presented in qualitative research could be those considered by the researcher as appropriate or significant to the research. Thus, they are prone to researcher biases. The challenge associated with secondary research is the difficulty to find sources that address specific issues of interest at specific times. Reliability and Validity To ensure reliability and validity is achieved in the research, the researchers shall ensure that qualitative data is collected from a wide variety of sources. This will help in avoiding the biases that are synonymous to qualitative research. The utilization of data from secondary sources shall supplement the data collected by interviewing research respondents. Further, to improve the practical applicability and overall validity of findings, key professionals in corporate governance shall be asked to assess the practical application of the questionnaire before being mailed to the respondents. These key professionals may include senior members of the Corporate Governance Code Development Committee in Nigeria. Modifications shall be made to incorporate comments made by these professionals. Ethical Considerations Several ethical issues have to be considered by researchers, especially in researches that involve human respondents (Patton, 2002). The researcher shall inform respondents over the phone call prior to mailing the questionnaires about the research and objectives that are intended to be met. This will enable respondents to give an informed consent before participating in the questionnaires. Given the sensitivity of the research, it shall also be necessary for the researcher to ensure that there is confidentiality of the personal information of researchers. As such, the researcher will attach a copy of the ‘Participant’s Information Sheet’ to convey confidentiality of their responses. Ethical issues may also arise from utilization of secondary sources without the consent of the original authors. For this reason, the researcher shall ensure that all the sources are acknowledged in the final dissertation report. Conclusion This paper has clearly presented a proposal that shall guide the process of carrying out the research and meeting the set objectives. It has presented and reviewed literature from several academic sources on the subject of corporate governance and the banking crisis in Nigeria. This paper has also provided the methodological approaches that shall be undertaken during the research and ethical issues and limitations that may arise when conducting the research. The paper also proposes ways in which it will address such ethical concerns and limitations and outlines ways in which it will improve on the reliability and validity of its findings. References Bamberger, M., 2000. Integrating Quantitative and Qualitative Research. New York: World Bank. Beasley, M., Carcello, J., Hermanson, D. Lapides, P., 2000. Fraudulent Financial Reporting: Consideration of Industry Traits and Corporate Governance Mechanisms. Accounting Horizons, 14(4), p.441–454. Central Bank of Nigeria, 2010. Global Financial Crisis Impact in Nigeria, Nigerian Financial Reforms and the Roles of Multilateral Developing Banks and IMF. Lagos: Central Bank of Nigeria. Central Bank of Nigeria, 2011. Public Statement on the Recapitalization of Eight Nigerian Banks. Lagos: Central Bank of Nigeria Central Bank of Nigeria. Cowry Asset Management, 2009. Nigerian Banking Report: Following the Progress of Nigerian banks in the last 10 years; A concise look at the milestones, challenges, successes and outlook of the Nigerian banking system. Cowry Research Desk. Das, A. Ghosh, S., 2004. Corporate governance in banking system. Economic and Political Weekly, pp.1263-66. Donaldson, L., 1990. The ethereal hand: organizational economics and management theory. Academy Management Review, 15, pp.369-81. Fernando, A.C., 2004. Corporate Governance: Principles, Policies and Practices. Pearson Education. Fernando, A.C., 2009. Corporate Ethics, Governance, And Social Responsibility: Precepts And Practices. Pearson Education. Greuning, H.V. Bratanovic, S.B., 2003. Analyzing and Managing Banking Risk: A framework for assessing corporate governance and Financial Risk. Washington D.C: The World Bank. Harlow, E., 2009. Encyclopedia of Case Study Research: Contribution, Theoretical. London: Sage. Jensen, M.C. Meckling, W.H., 1976. Theory of the ?rm: managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure. Journal of Finance and Economics, 3, pp.305-60. Kirkpatrick, G., 2009. The Corporate Governance Lessons from the Financial Crisis. Financial Market Trends, pp.51-77. Kopala, M. Suzuki, L.A., 1998. Using qualitative methods in psychology. California: Sage. Mansell, S.F., 2013. Capitalism, Corporations and the Social Contract: A Critique of Stakeholder Theory. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. McDougall, H. Levesque, T., 2000. Customer satisfaction with services: putting perceived value into the equation. Journal of Services Marketing, 14(5), pp.392-410. Miles, M.B., 1979. Qualitative Data as an Attractive Nuisance: The Problem of Analysis. Adminitrative Science Quarterly, 24, pp.590-601. Nguyen, K., 2010. Financial Statement Fraud: Motives, Methods, Cases and Detection. New York: Universal-Publishers. Oghojafor, B.E.A., Olayemi, O.O., Okonji, P.S. Okolie, J.U., 2010. poor Corporate Governance and its Consequences on teh Nigerian Banking Sector. Serbian Journal of Management, 5(2), pp.243-50. Onakoya, A.B., Ofoegbu, D.I. Fasanya, I.O., 2011. Corporate Governance and Bank performance: A pooled Study of Selected Banks in Nigeria. European Scientific Journal , 8(28), pp.155-64. Oso, L and Semiu, B., 2012. The concept and practice of corporate governance in Nigeria: theneed for public relations and effective corporate communication. Journal of Communication, 3 (1), pp.1-16 Patton, M., 2002. Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Perrow, C., 1986. Economic theories of organization. New York: Springer. Phillips, R.A., 2011. Stakeholder Theory. Glos: Edward Elgar Publishing. Rezaee, Z. Riley, R., 2009. Financial Statement Fraud: Prevention and Detection. London: John Wiley and Sons. Rezaee, Z., 2005. Causes, consequences, and deterence of financial statement fraud. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 16(3), p.277–298. Shleifer, A. Vishny, R., 1997. A Survey of Corporate Governance. Journal of Finance, 52(2), p.737–783. Silverman, D., 2010. Qualitative Research. London : Sage Publishers. Skousen, K.F., Glover, S.M. Prawitt, D.F., 2005. An Introduction to Corporate Governance and the SEC. Mason, Ohio: Thomson South-Western. Solomon, J. Solomon, A., 2004. Corporate Governance and Accountability. West Sussex: John Wiley Sons. Wells, J.T., 2011. Financial Statement Fraud Casebook: Baking the Ledgers and Cooking the Books. New Jersey: John Wiley. Yin, R.K., 2003. Case Study Research-Design and Methods. London: Sage. Yin, R.K., 2010. Qualitative Research from Start to Finish. New York: Guilford Press. How to cite Proposal – Corporate Governance failure:Major Bane of nigerian banking crisis., Essay examples

Hegel vs. Kant Essay Example For Students

Hegel vs. Kant Essay Le point de depart de la philosophie critique de Kant est la philosophie rationaliste de Leibniz-Wolff . Par linfluence de Hume et de Rousseau, qui, selon ses propres termes, le mit sur le droit chemin, et provoqua chez lui une revolution de la reflexion, Kant sort de son sommeil dogmatique en matiere de contenus et de methodes, et elabore sa propre methode de reflexion philosophique. Lexpression critique transcendantale qualifie le mieux la methode dinvestigation philosophique de Kant. La philosophie rationaliste qui enonce que Ce qui nous (gotrmek) au savior exacte est les connaissances et les lois a priori synthetise avec la critique de causalite de Hume et les oeuvres de Rousseau donne la nasisance de cette philosophie critique. Sa volonte de tracer les frontieres dans tous les matieres est lie a la qualite critique de sa philosophie. Critique est la separation dans une autre terme. Son livre Critique de la Raison Pure publie en 1781, fond la base theorique de critisisme. Cette oeuvre argumente pour norte savoir ne puisse jamais transcende lexperience mais il est quasi a priori et suit un scheme de raisonnement: Lexamination des elements du savoir (transcendantale elementaire) , lexamination de la methode (transcendantale methodique) en etant sensible (transcendantale esthetique). Elle cherche a arabtyrmak les frontieres et la construction du savoir humain. Cette methode transcendantale est la methode qui examine le savoir en soi mais pas le savoir oriente a tel ou tel objet.Elle cherche aussi a trouver la nature exacte des interets ou buts de la raison et la moyenne de puovoir realiser ces interets. Kant separe ce que Leibniz confonde : Les jugements analytique et synthetique Les jugements a priori et a posteriori(empirique)Les jugements analytiques expliquent seulement les concepts ( le jugement les objets occupent une place ne donne pas une information puisque occuper une place constitue la definition meme de lobjet) mais ceux qui sont synthetique elarg issent notre connaissance ( le jugement cet objet est lourd etablit une relation entre le concept dobjet et detre lourd) Les jugements analytiques sont a priori mais les jugements synthetiques peuvent etre a la fois a priori et empirique. Ce probleme de pouvoir etre a priori pour les jugements synthetiques definit le theme principale de La critique de la Raison Pure.Kant appelle ces jugements synthetiques a priori, la seule source du savoir exacte. Yl synthetise lidealisme allemand avec lempirisme et philosophe sur un chemin empiriste rationale. Selon lui, la raison humaine, par sa construction, est susceptible a penser sur la metaphysique qui a trois idees: Dieu, liberte et immortalite. La connaissance exacte est lunion de la connaissance a priori et de lexperience.Cest pourquoi la metaphysique peut tres bien exercer cette synthese, pour pouvoir resoudre les derniers problemes de lexistance mais ce quon va rencontrer sur ce chemin ne sera que des apparences vides. Ainsi il indique limpossibilite pour nous de pouvoir savoir lessence du monde.Pour lui, limportance de ces idees est dans la pratique donc ils ont une rapport avec lethique. La dialectique chez Kant est une logique de lapparence, cest la logique du probable.Elle est errement de la raison pure lorsquelle use des categories hors du camp de lexperience possible. Yl cite dans Critique de la Raison Pure si lon veut sen servir comme dun instrument (organon) pour etendre et accroitre ses connaissances, on ne peut aboutir a rien de plus qua un verbiage par lequel on affirme, avec quelque apparence, ou lon conteste, suivant son humeur, tout ce quon veut . Les travaux des idealistes allemands qui succedent Kant, est oriente a constituer un systeme qui va non separer mais unir.Fichte prend son point de depart de moi, Schelling le trouve dans une racine qui existe a lorigine, ou tous les differences sont indifferents. Le systeme de Hegel est le dernier grand systeme et aussi le pic du rationalisme apres Kant. Pour Hegel, il ne faut pas dans un premier temps trouver le chemin du savoir et apres connaitre letre comme le suggere Kant.Parce que quand on soriente vers lentite de lEtre, le chemin apparait en soi: cest le chemin de la dialectique. Pour Hegel la philosophie est voir les objets par la reflexion masi cest la reflexion philosophique pas une reflexion sur un objet quelconque. La reflexion philosophique est de developper une systeme des concepts etant creative.Cette reflexion philosophique avance systematiquement et pose une chaine des concepts. La fin de cette chaine est le concept de lunivers(letre) ou se reunissent et relient tous les autres concepts.La philosophie est donc la reflexion en soi de letre. .udc5c17037f78ab9f88a20560a34ed657 , .udc5c17037f78ab9f88a20560a34ed657 .postImageUrl , .udc5c17037f78ab9f88a20560a34ed657 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udc5c17037f78ab9f88a20560a34ed657 , .udc5c17037f78ab9f88a20560a34ed657:hover , .udc5c17037f78ab9f88a20560a34ed657:visited , .udc5c17037f78ab9f88a20560a34ed657:active { border:0!important; } .udc5c17037f78ab9f88a20560a34ed657 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udc5c17037f78ab9f88a20560a34ed657 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udc5c17037f78ab9f88a20560a34ed657:active , .udc5c17037f78ab9f88a20560a34ed657:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udc5c17037f78ab9f88a20560a34ed657 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udc5c17037f78ab9f88a20560a34ed657 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udc5c17037f78ab9f88a20560a34ed657 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udc5c17037f78ab9f88a20560a34ed657 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udc5c17037f78ab9f88a20560a34ed657:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udc5c17037f78ab9f88a20560a34ed657 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udc5c17037f78ab9f88a20560a34ed657 .udc5c17037f78ab9f88a20560a34ed657-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udc5c17037f78ab9f88a20560a34ed657:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: El Guerra De Los Cien Aos EssayNotre systeme de connaissance se forme selon Hegel par le developpement de tous les pensables lun apres lautre, en partant du concept qui couvre tout et en utilisant la dialectique. Dans lEncyclopedie, Hgel indique quil existe 3 cotes de ce qui est logique dans ce qui concerne la forme: a)labstrait (verstandige) b)dialectique ou raisonnable etant negative (vernnftige)c)speculative ou raisonnable etant positive Hegel indique que ces trois sont inseparables lun de lautre et la coexistance simultane de ces trois donne le sens dialectique en general a ce qui est logique.Ces trois cotes sont les elements constructifs de tous lentite logique reel m asi ne consistent pas les trois parties de Logique. (Ainsi A.Kojeve dit que la philosophie de Hegel nest pas dialectique mais descriptive puisque la realite relevee par Logos est dialectique, par la description de cette realite et par la mesure que cette realite est decrit elle est dialectique.) Laction dialectique continuera jusqua la comprehension totale de letre comme une entite par la raison et jusqua ce que letre ait sa conscience et acquit sa liberte.Ainsi Hegel met a lorigine du monde la contradiction et suggere quon peut comprendre lessence du monde lorsquon comprend la contradicition.La contradiction est chez lui la realite ultime. Cest une proces synthetique.Dans la realite dialectique qui releve La totalite, les theses, anti-theses et les syntheses sont aufgehoben donc aboli en sens dialectique. Ainsi il indique que la dialectique fait de tout lhistorique.Chez lui, lhistoire est rationnelle. Certes lhistoire apparente nous montre le spectacle de la violence et du desordre mais il faut se referer a lhistoire profonde qui manifeste la Raison. Celle-ci nest pas un principe purement individuel mais une puissance spirituelle immanente a lUnivers. Elle utilise comme instrument les passions humaines. Hegel nomme cette utilisation la ruse de la RaisonHegel indique que le reel est rationale et le rationale est reel mais il ne parle pas de lempirique en disant reel.Ce qui est vu par un empiriste comme olgu, est irrationale pour lui.Les olgu deviennent rationale apres que leur propriete exterieur est connu comme lapparence de lentite.Ceci donne une propriete rationale empiriste a Hegel. BIBLIOGRAPHIE:Bertrand Russell Baty FelsefesiTarihiMacit Gokberk Felsefe TarihiAlexandre Kojeve Hegel Felsefesine GiribGilles Deleuze Kantyn Elebtirel Felsefesi